How should I backup my data from a Macbook Pro

i'm still kind of new mac feel have ask how backup data mac external harddrive.
don't have time capsule , not plan buy one. have external hdd using time being.
question is; how backup data mac onto own external hd? using windows before buying mac in august. have own 'system' use backing info (such school/word documents, pictures, music, etc.) there specific folders or specific method guys can recommend backing up?

in advance!

 

time machine?

 

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